Common Factors of Magnetic Track Defects in the Section of Bearing Outer Ring
Defects are more likely to occur during metal thermal processing. For example, during forging processing, cavities and micro-cracks caused by overheating of forging are likely to become the fatigue source of FAG bearing contact fatigue failure. Next, let me give you an example of a certain bearing on the railway. Examples of magnetic marks on the ring section, I hope everyone can understand some common problems in bearing forging processing.
1. Magnetic marks on the section of the bearing outer ring
1) Visual inspection of the magnetic marks on the bearing outer ring section
The magnetic marks of a certain bearing outer ring on this railway are located on the end face of the ferrule, and are densely distributed along the circumferential direction in the form of short lines or dots, and the distribution area is about 1/3 of the circumference.
2) Microscopic observation of magnetic marks on the bearing outer ring section
Take a metallographic sample at the magnetic mark on the end surface of the bearing outer ring. After the sample is slightly polished and observed under a magnifying glass, it can be seen that there are a large number of small pit-like defects densely distributed on the end surface of the bearing outer ring. This defect shines under the light, which is caused by the reflection of light on the bottom or side wall. Pit-shaped defects vary in size, but it can be roughly seen that the morphological distribution direction is along the circumferential direction.
Observed under a microscope, it can be seen that the small defects are holes, the holes are strip-shaped, and no inclusions are found inside, the length is about 0.3mm, and there is a certain depth.
2. Some common defects on the bearing surface
In the bearing production process, similar pit-like defects appear on the bearing surface, which may be caused by mechanical damage, corrosion pits, outcrops of forging burned holes, and raw material defects. Among them, mechanical damage is caused by the impact or bump on the surface of the part. Corrosion pit is caused by the surface of the part contacting the corrosive medium, which causes the surface to produce pit-like corrosion marks. These two defects determine that they will not appear on the part from the generation mechanism. internal. The raw material defects are metallurgical defects, and their distribution on the final finished parts is relatively irregular; the forging burned holes are hot working defects, which are distributed in the serious segregation parts within the structure. These two kinds of defects will not only be distributed on the surface of the part.
3. Bearing processing
As we all know, in the process of bearing processing, bearing steel only undergoes three higher temperature (above 800 ℃) processing processes: hot rolling forming, forging forming and heat treatment bainite quenching process. Generally speaking, in the three heating processes, the heat treatment quenching heating temperature is lower than the forging temperature and the hot rolling forming temperature. The qualified organization rating of the magnetic trace bearing ring proves that there is no overheating during the heat treatment process, so the holes in the bearing ring should not be generated during the heat treatment process.
Too little forging will cause the grains of the bearing steel to grow. In severe cases, not only the surface metal grain boundaries will be oxidized and cracked, but also in areas where the internal components of the metal are segregated seriously, the grain boundaries will also begin to melt, forming sharp-pointed holes. If the bearing steel forging is too small, resulting in holes in the finished ring structure, there are also two situations:
1) Within the specified temperature range of the process, serious segregation of local tissue on the ferrule leads to local over-burning;
2) Too high forging temperature causes the grains of the entire ferrule to grow up, the grain boundaries begin to melt, and holes are formed in the structure.
In the above two cases, the growth of grains in the area where the hole is located is inevitable. Therefore, when the fracture of the forged burned area is observed, there are generally gleaming crystal grain edges, which are called stone-like fractures.
Observation of the fracture of the smashed magnetic trace ferrule showed that the entire fracture was fine porcelain, indicating that the metal crystal grains did not grow up significantly; through scanning observation, there were holes on the fracture surface. This situation is different from the typical fracture state of forging overburning, and the metallographic inspection found that most of the holes are distributed in the carbide belt, which makes it doubtful that the holes in the ring structure are generated during the forging process.
4. The reason for the magnetic marks on the bearing outer ring section this time
After analysis, it is learned that the bearing ring holes have appeared in the bar. According to the analysis of the steel supplier, the high temperature during the billet rolling of the steel ingot caused the low melting point material in the segregation part of the steel to melt, resulting in local Overburning is a fundamental cause of microscopic porosity. Because the small holes are distributed in the carbide accumulation position, it indicates that the low melting point substance on the carbide belt first melts and creates voids, forming holes. Based on the above analysis, the occurrence of magnetic marks on the end face of the ferrule is related to the microscopic pores of the raw material.
5. Common factors of magnetic trace defects in the bearing outer ring section
(1) One of the common factors of magnetic marks on the end surface of the bearing outer ring is caused by the distribution of microscopic pores and carbides in the raw material.
(2) The second common factor of the magnetic marks on the end face of the bearing outer ring is that the cause of the micro-holes is related to the hot rolling process of the bearing steel.